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How evidence levels differ from disease to disease

Why knee osteoarthritis and chronic kidney disease should not be discussed with the same weight of evidence.

Published 3 Sept 2026 · Updated 3 Sept 2026

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The phrase 'stem cells' is applied loosely across many diseases whose research status is in fact very different. In knee osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis there are enough human studies to support systematic reviews. In autoimmune disease such as lupus, phase 1–2 studies exist in refractory patients. In stroke and spinal cord injury, most studies are small and delivered alongside intensive rehabilitation, so the cells' own contribution is hard to isolate. In fatty liver disease the available data are mainly from animal models. So when reading a disease page here, check the evidence-level and regulatory badges first: they tell you how firmly the rest of the page should be read.

Source: PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov

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Experts behind this content

EHL Thailand Research Desk — Careful reading of study results, including sample size, trial phase and limitations

EHL BIO scientific information is compiled alongside public information from its research team and GMP centre. See the full expert panel

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