In short
Clinical trials run from phase 1 to 3: phase 1 focuses on safety, phase 2 on efficacy signals and phase 3 on confirmation in large numbers. Always check the trial registration number, phase, participant count and funding source.
Warning signs
Claims of treating any disease, guaranteed outcomes, high fees for something described as a trial, absence of manufacturing documentation, undisclosed cell sources and pressure to decide quickly are all warning signs.
Questions to ask a physician
What is the evidence level for my disease? What better-evidenced options exist? What are my specific risks? Where is the product manufactured and under what standards? How is follow-up handled, and how are adverse effects managed?